Renewal:The Chinese State and the New Global History



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Will the rise of China change the international system built by the industrial and constitutional democracies of the West of the past centuries?? Should China be content with the maintenance of that system: one of competing nation-states of absolute sovereignty and relative power?? Does the Confucian past contain a moral vision that may connect with universal human values of the modern world?? And will the rising China become an engine for a renewed Chinese civilization that contributes to the equity in the international system??
?
Pondering these fundamental questions, historian Prof. Wang Gungwu probes into the Chinese perception of its place in world history, and traces the unique features that propel China onto its modern global transformation. He depicts the travails of renewal that China has to face and betters our understanding of China’s position in today’s interconnected world. This collection of Prof. Wang Gungwu’s thoughts is a must-read for us to contemplate China’s root and routes along its modernization trajectory.

作者簡介

National University of Singapore University Professor; Emeritus Professor of Australian National University and former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong. He received his B.A. (Hons.) and M.A. degree from the University of Malaya (Singapore), and his Ph.D. from the University of London (SOAS).? His books since 2000 include The Chinese Overseas: From Earthbound China to the Quest for Autonomy (2000); Anglo-Chinese Encounters since 1800: War, Trade, Science and Governance? (2003); 移民及興起的中國 (2005); 離鄉別土:境外看中華 (2007). He also edited Global History and Migrations (1997); Nation-building: Five Southeast Asian Histories (2005) and (with Zheng Yongnian) China and the New International Order (2008).

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  • 出版社:香港中文大學

    新功能介紹
  • 出版日期:2013/04/01
  • 語言:英文


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商品網址: Renewal:The Chinese State and the New Global History

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撰文/黃宜稜

寒流來襲的日子,來杯熱呼呼的飲料是最享受的小確幸,每一口喝下的飲料不止溫暖了身體,也療癒了心靈,然而一打開新聞,赫然發現「世界衛生組織承認:喝熱飲會讓食道癌罹患率增加8倍」,讓人不禁嚇到一秒摔杯子,並在內心大喊這輩子都不能再喝熱飲了嗎?其實不必那麼擔心。

圖/ingimage
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為什麼65°C以上的熱飲被世界衛生組織列為2A可能致癌物?



根據世界衛生組織國際癌症研究中心(IARC)的致癌物清單,「超過65°C的熱飲」被放在2A致癌物,依據2A致癌物的定義是指有明確動物實驗證據,也有致癌機制佐證,但對人類致癌性的證據仍然不足。雖然2A致癌物並不代表該物質一定會致癌,但仍然讓人感到疑惑,為什麼熱飲會有致癌風險呢?這是因為當我們喝了溫度超過65°C的飲料,飲料通過食道的時候,有可能因為溫度過高進而對食道粘膜細胞造成灼傷、紅腫等發炎症狀。

雖然食道的粘膜有自然復原的能力,但對於經常在喝熱飲的民眾來說,食道粘膜復原的速度可能趕不上因熱飲刺激而發炎的速度,長久下來受傷的食道反覆受到刺激,就有突變、致癌的疑慮。此外,在食道粘膜受傷的情況下,若是吃了其他刺激性的食物,同樣會讓發炎的狀況更嚴重,至於抽菸、喝酒這類本身就是食道癌的高危險因子,更是要注意食道粘膜的發炎狀況。

咖啡、茶和瑪黛茶 雖為3級致癌物但只要不燙口就安全!

其實,咖啡、茶與南美洲非常流行的瑪黛茶也同樣被列為第3級致癌物,第3級致癌物是指未能確定是否對人類致癌,也就是透過實驗與學理證明對動物可能有致癌性,但這些學理的證據不如第2級明確,重點是在人體中沒有相同的致癌機制,也就是對人體致癌的科學證據很薄弱。

為什麼咖啡、茶和瑪黛茶被列入第3級致癌物呢?除了如果沖泡好馬上就喝,會因為水溫超過65°C傷害到食道粘膜的疑慮之外,咖啡、茶和瑪黛茶都含有咖啡因,而咖啡因同樣在第3級致癌清單中,不過民眾不必感到恐慌,因為咖啡因雖然有致癌疑慮,但也有許多研究結果認為咖啡因有抗癌的作用。

此外,咖啡中還可能含有2A致癌物丙烯醯胺、3級致癌物咖啡酸,茶飲中還含有3級致癌物茶鹼,不過它們的含量通通很低,不必因為還有這些物質就感到害怕。此外,瑪黛茶中含有3級致癌物可可鹼,但可可鹼同樣存在於其他天然物質中,例如巧克力,以及部分醫療用藥中,且目前關於可可鹼的致癌證據非常薄弱,民眾在飲用上不必過於擔憂。

天冷的時候泡杯熱呼呼的飲品,依舊是一件享受的事情,加上許多飲品都強調要以高溫沖泡,但是只要沖泡後放一段時間再飲用,以喝起來不燙口為主,就能安心享用。

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內容來源=食力foodNext授權轉載

食力粉絲團=食力foodNext



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